This is a review of the time period. It is taken from the AP WORLD course description booklet. It highlights the BIG ideas and civilizations of this time period.
My advice: Print this out and read it, read it, and read it. If there is something that confuses you, go to your textbook and read about it or ask me at extra help.
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Period
3:
Regional
and Transregional Interactions,
c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450 CE (Post-Classical)
KEEP IN MIND:
·
Expansion and Intensification of Communication and
Exchange Networks: Although
Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from one another, this era
witnessed a deepening and widening of old and new networks of human interaction
within and across regions. The results were unprecedented concentrations of
wealth and the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges. Innovations in
transportation, state policies, and mercantile practices contributed to the
expansion and development of commercial networks, which in turn served as
conduits for cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and
between various societies. Pastoral or nomadic groups played a key role in
creating and sustaining these networks. Expanding networks fostered greater
interregional borrowing, while at the same time sustaining regional diversity.
The prophet Muhammad promoted Islam, a new major monotheistic religion at the
start of this period. It spread quickly through practices of trade, warfare,
and diffusion characteristic of this period.
·
Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their
Interactions: State
formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and
diversity in various regions. In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with
differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while
smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam
introduced a new concept — the Caliphate — to Afro-Eurasian statecraft.
Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that
integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds.
In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean
region.
·
Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its
Consequences: Changes in
trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity,
with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental
processes. Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry. Rising
productivity supported population growth and urbanization but also strained
environmental resources and at times caused dramatic demographic swings. Shifts
in production and the increased volume of trade also stimulated new labor
practices, including adaptation of existing patterns of free and coerced labor.
Social and gender structures evolved in response to these changes.
TRADE ROUTES: (Improved transportation
technologies and commercial practices
led to an increased volume of
trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade
networks.)
• The Silk Roads
• The
Mediterranean Sea
• The
Trans-Saharan
• The Indian Ocean basins
• The new
trade routes entering on Mesoamerica and the Andes
(Know the location of the Trade Routes)
For each of the previous TRADE ROUTES, know the
following:
1.
The growth of interregional trade in luxury
goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing
transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated
caravan organization; use of the compass, astrolabe and larger ship
designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.
a)
Describe the luxury goods exchanged along the
trade route & impact (i.e. silk & cotton textiles, porcelain, spices,
precious metals and gems, slaves, exotic animals, etc)
b)
Describe commercial technologies that were
used.
c)
Describe any caravan organizations that were
used (i.e. camel saddles)
d)
Describe the new forms of credit and monetization
(i.e. bills of exchange, credit, check, banking houses, etc)
e)
Describe the important new trading cities along
the route (i.e. Timbuktu, The Swahili city-states, Hangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad,
Melaka (Malacca), Venice, Tenochtitlan, etc.)
2.
Commercial growth was also
facilitated by state practices,
trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial
infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
a)
Describe the state practices that
were used to facilitate the commercial growth (i.e. minting of coins, use of
paper money)
b)
Describe the trading organizations
that were used to facilitate commercial growth (i.e. Hanseatic League)
3.
Describe what
areas traded and the impact (i.e
cultural diffusion, spread of beliefs, etc)
- - -
- - - - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
·
Describe the New trade routes that
developed in MesoAmerica and the Andes
·
Describe how the expansion of
empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were
drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks (i.e. China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates,
Mongols, etc)
·
The movement of peoples caused
environmental and linguistic effects:
o The expansion and intensification of
long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and
technological adaptations to it (Take note on the following examples: The way Scandinavian
Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in
rivers and estuaries. the way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel
across and around the Sahara, and the way Central Asian pastoral groups used
horses to travel in the steppes)
o Some migrations had a significant
environmental impact. (Take notes on the following: The migration of Bantu-speaking
peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural
techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa and the maritime migrations of the Polynesian
peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they
moved to new islands)
o Some migrations and commercial contacts
led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of
new languages. (Take
notes on the following examples: The spread of Bantu languages including
Swahili and The spread of Turkic and Arabic languages)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the
intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and
communication.
·
Islam, based on the revelations of
the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and
practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and
Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts
of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded
through the activities of merchants and missionaries.
·
For ISLAM know the following
o
Origin
o
Core Beliefs/Practices
o
What was the dar al Islam?
o
How did it influence society, politics and
economy?
o
Sunni
o
Shiite
o
Sufism
o
How it changed over time and Why?
o
Spread and influence on other areas
o
Influence on gender roles
·
In
key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities
where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous
culture. (Take notes on the following: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese
merchant communities in Southeast Asia and Jewish communities in the
Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Roads)
·
The
writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the
limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.
o
Describe
the travels, locations, experiences, and/or influence of each of the following:
Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo.
·
Increased
cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic,
and cultural traditions.
o
Describe
Neoconfucianism.
o
Describe the influence of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East
Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and
Southeast Asia and Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean
America
·
Increased
cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and
technological traditions.
o
Describe:
The influence
of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars, The
return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus
in Iberia and The spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East
Asia into the Islamic empires and Western Europe
·
There
was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern
Hemisphere along the trade routes.
o
New
foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas.
§ Describe Bananas in Africa, Describe New
rice varieties in East Asia, Describe The spread of cotton, sugar,
and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin
o
Describe
The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the
well-established paths of trade and military conquest.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
·
Empires collapsed and were
reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
o Following the collapse of empires,
most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese
dynasties — Sui, Tang, and Song — combined traditional sources of power and
legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances.
Civilizations: Empires & City-States
You should also
know the location of all of the Civilizations!!!
·
Byzantine Empire & Russian Kiev
- Describe
the emergence of the civilization (i.e. end of invasions, availability of
safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures,
increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising of the
population, greater availability of labor which led to urban growth, etc)
- Describe
the roles the civilizations played in the governmental, religious and
commercial centers.
- Describe
the social hierarchy/ labor organization (i.e. free peasant agriculture,
nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, various
forms of coerced and unfree labor, government-imposed labor taxes,
military obligations, caste and class hierarchies, mita, serfdom etc)
- Describe
how the diffusion of religion or beliefs led to changing gender roles and
family structures—make sure you describe the role of females also.
- Describe
Innovations (i.e. New methods of taxation, tributary systems, adaption of
religious institutions)
- Describe
how Agricultural
production increased significantly due to technological innovations.
- Describe
Trade relationships and the impact
·
Abbasids
Same as above:
- Describe how it synthesized local and borrowed traditions: i.e.
borrowed Influence of Persian Traditions
- Describe the technological and cultural transfers because of
interregional contacts and conflicts with Tang China
·
Umayyads
Same as above
·
Muslim Iberia
- Describe
the emergence of the civilization (i.e. end of invasions, availability of
safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures,
increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising of the
population, greater availability of labor which led to urban growth, etc)
- Describe
the roles the civilizations played in the governmental, religious and
commercial centers.
- Describe
how the diffusion of religion or beliefs led to changing gender roles and
family structures—make sure you describe the role of females also.
- Describe Trade relationships and
the impact
- Describe the factors that led to
Decline (i.e. invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity,
the little ice age, etc)
·
Delhi Sultanates
- Describe
the emergence of the civilization (i.e. end of invasions, availability of
safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures,
increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising of the
population, greater availability of labor which led to urban growth, etc)
·
City-States in the Italian peninsula
- Describe
the emergence of the civilization (i.e. end of invasions, availability of
safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures,
increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising of the
population, greater availability of labor which led to urban growth, etc)
- Describe Trade relationships and
the impact
·
Western Europe
- Describe the crusades
- Describe the technological and cultural
transfers because of interregional contacts and conflicts as a result of
the Crusades
In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia,
state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished
in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were
created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
·
City-States in East Africa
1.
Describe the emergence of
the civilization (i.e. end of invasions, availability of safe and reliable
transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures, increased agricultural
productivity and subsequent rising of the population, greater availability of
labor which led to urban growth,
·
West African Empires: Mali, Ghana,
Songhai
Same as above
·
Inca Empire
Same
as above
·
Mayan Empire
Same
as above
·
Aztec Empire
Same as above
·
Sui, Tang and Song China
Same as above
·
Japan
Same as above and
- Describe the role of geography
- Describe how it synthesized local and borrowed
traditions: Influence of Chinese traditions
·
Mongols
Same as above and
1.
Describe Pax Mongolica
2.
Describe important Leaders
3.
Describe Mongol Rule in Each area that they
conquered.
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